roth conversions – Peterson Wealth

One of the most common questions that we get is, should I do a Roth conversion? And if so, how much?

What is a Roth conversion?

Now, for those that don’t know what a Roth conversion is, all it is is simply taking money from your IRA or 401K retirement accounts and converting them to an after-tax Roth 401K or a Roth IRA. Now, there are significant tax benefits for having these accounts, but there are many factors that should be considered before you make that decision to doing a Roth conversion.

Factors that may include where am I in the tax bracket today? What is my tax bracket projected to be in retirement? How do Required Minimum Distributions fit into all this? And what happens if my spouse passes away early during my retirement?

Today, I’d like to talk about a few of those costly mistakes that many people make when considering a Roth conversion in their retirement.

Many people get carried away with Roth conversions

First, many people get carried away with Roth conversions. There’s a lot of content and information about Roth conversions in the news, media, and nearly every financial institution has an article or content about it. But, often retirees get carried away and think I needed to be doing as much as I can into a Roth IRA or a Roth 401K, but they may not be seeing the tax impact of that during their retirement.

You take a look at the tax brackets, you’ll notice that it starts off with the 10% bracket, 12% bracket, but then it jumps, significantly jumps, to the 22% bracket. There’s more significant jumps throughout the tax brackets as well. But, what we see is when people come into our office, they say they have been doing Roth conversions and they end up making these big jumps in their taxes. But in reality, their tax bracket may not be as high in retirement as what they thought it was going to be.

People fail to plan for their Required Minimum Distribution

The second mistake is people fail to plan for their Required Minimum Distributions. All Required Minimum Distributions are is that you are forced to withdraw a certain amount out of your IRA or 401K account as soon as you reach age 73. Now, if you’re a retiree that is relying on your investment income then this may not be as big of a deal for you because you are relying on that income throughout your retirement.

But for most retirees, that income is not their only source of income. They may have pensions, Social Security, rental income, and more. And so what we see is retirees will get into retirement, start their Required Minimum Distributions, and then they’re not using all of their investment income, which is just ultimately going to be withdrawn from their retirement accounts and taxed.

Every retiree should have a plan on how their Required Minimum Distributions are going to impact them during and throughout their retirement.

The next mistake is how Roth conversions can potentially impact your Medicare premiums. Many may not realize that Medicare premiums is based on your combined income. And so the more income you have, the higher your potential Medicare premiums will be. The base Medicare premium cost for Part B is $164.90.

For those that are married and file a joint return, that will stay the same if their income stays below $194,000. If you’re a single filer and your income stays below $97,000, it will also stay that same amount. But as soon as your income is a dollar over that threshold, it will jump to $230.80. Believe it or not, there are actually four other thresholds or for other increases to your Medicare premiums above that. So if you have substantial income coming in, your Medicare premiums could be as high as $560.50 per person per month.

So as you can see, Roth conversions can make a significant impact. You may be wanting to do Roth conversions to save taxes, but you may be adding additional expenses to your Medicare premiums along the way.

What non-financial aspects of Roth conversions should be considered?

Lastly, there are some non-financial aspects of Roth conversions that should also be considered. Things like moving from one state to another. If you live in a state that doesn’t currently have state income tax and moving to a state that does, that can be a big factor.

Or if you have a spouse that has a terminal illness and isn’t expected to live throughout a long retirement, knowing how Roth conversions can impact them. Or even potentially your heirs, how these Roth conversions could help your heirs for generation after generation.

With the new changes to secure Act 2.0, some of your heirs may be required to withdraw all of the money from IRA or retirement accounts within ten years. So having a plan to consider these other non-financial aspects is so important.

Now, there is an important disclaimer I have to share about Roth conversions and tax planning altogether is there are some things that are just simply out of our control. Whether that be market movements, or changes in legislation, tax laws, is always constantly evolving.

Conclusion

What I like to share with my clients is financial planning also evolves with the time and changes. We plan for the best and if there are any changes, we make adjustments along the way. Now, Roth conversions may seem straightforward, but it’s important that retirees carefully consider the factors that we’ve talked about today. Roth conversions may seem straightforward, but it’s important that retirees carefully think through these considerations that we’ve talked about today.

The best way to protect yourself from these costly mistakes is to simply have a plan. A plan that is dollar specific, goal specific, and that addresses other non-financial aspects of Roth conversions. As you do so, you’ll start to address these items and you’ll see that it’s going to help you maximize your retirement.

Retirement doesn’t eliminate the need for sound financial decisions; it simply changes the timeline for making them. For Salt Lake City households, the most impactful choices often revolve around when you choose to recognize income, not just the total amount you have saved. The interplay between your different account types, your spending pace, and how your income transitions into distributions all determines your annual tax liability. This is why Roth conversions can serve as an innovative and effective long-term tax management tool.

Proper tax planning in Utah tends to reward people who think in chapters rather than in months. You’re balancing flexibility, control, and what you want your money to do for you over time, especially with taxes in retirement sitting in the background of so many decisions. For many Salt Lake City retirees, the goal isn’t just “pay the least this year,” it’s making your taxes more straightforward to manage year after year, using timing tools like Roth conversions to keep more options on the table.

The Three Ways Salt Lake City Households Build Roth Dollars (Standard, Backdoor, Mega Backdoor)

Most people hear “Roth” and assume it’s just one move: putting money into one specific account type. In reality, many Salt Lake City households build Roth dollars through three other common routes, each a conversion in some form with its own rules, paperwork, and potential headaches. The best choice depends on what you’re moving, where the money sits today, and whether you’re still earning a paycheck. Here are the three main approaches:

Roth IRA conversion: You start with pre-tax IRA dollars (often in a traditional IRA), then instruct the custodian to move a chosen amount into your Roth IRA. The amount converted is generally taxable in the year you do it, and you can convert cash or move shares “in kind” depending on the custodian’s process.

Backdoor Roth: You contribute to a traditional IRA as a nondeductible contribution, then convert that amount to Roth soon after. This is often used when direct Roth contributions aren’t allowed for your situation; the key is that the contribution step and the conversion step are separate actions with separate tax reporting.

Mega Backdoor Roth: You make after-tax contributions to a 401(k) (above the regular deferral) and then convert those after-tax dollars to Roth inside the plan or roll them out to Roth, if your plan allows it. This is a workplace-plan feature play, usually paired with strong savings capacity while you’re still employed.

Fit and Implementation Issues to Review Before You Start

Most IRA conversions are conceptually simple: you choose an amount, move it, and plan for the tax hit that year. The real work is deciding the size and pacing, so you’re not stacking taxable dollars on top of a year that’s already heavy.

Backdoor Roth conversions are when people get surprised by the pro-rata rule. The IRS considers the total value of all your traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs when determining how taxable a conversion is, which means other IRA balances can make a “clean” backdoor move partially taxable.

Mega backdoor Roth success depends on plan rules and clean processing. You’re dealing with plan documents, contribution sources (after-tax vs Roth vs pre-tax), and the plan’s timing for in-plan conversions or rollouts. So, the same household can have a smooth experience at one employer and a dead end at another.

Please Note: Access rules also matter. Roth has five-year timing rules that can affect whether distributions count as qualified withdrawals, and age-based rules can affect penalties. IRA contribution limits and workplace-plan limits apply to the backdoor and mega-backdoor mechanics, so checking current IRS limits and your plan document is part of the process.

Why Roth Dollars Matter for Retirees in Salt Lake City

Roth dollars matter because they give you a spending option that doesn’t automatically create another taxable event. That’s useful when you want to fund something meaningful: travel, a car, home updates, family help, without turning that decision into “one more thing” that pushes your return upward.

They also help you keep more control over how your income shows up across different types of years. Some years, you want room for gains, a property sale, a pension start date, or simply fewer moving parts; having Roth dollars available can let you cover expenses without adding more ordinary income.

Finally, Roth dollars can make planning feel more intentional across your timeline. You’re trading an upfront tax cost for a different kind of flexibility later, which means the value isn’t just the math; it’s the ability to make choices with fewer tax-driven constraints when life doesn’t follow a neat schedule.

Retirement in Utah: How State Taxes Shape Roth Conversion Decisions

Utah doesn’t change the reason you consider a conversion, yet it does change the after-tax cost and the “net” benefit you feel. The clean way to think about it is that federal rules determine most of the swing, and Utah determines the steady add-on, plus a few credits that can shift what you actually pay:

Flat State Rate as a Consistent Add-On: Utah’s income tax structure means the state portion of a conversion is usually a predictable layer on top of whatever your federal outcome is. That predictability is helpful when you’re modeling conversion size, since the state side tends to behave more like a constant than a moving target.

Credits Can Change the Net Cost: Utah credits tied to retirement and Social Security can reduce the state tax impact for some households, but they are not automatic and may depend on age and income thresholds. The practical takeaway is simple: the state impact is not just “rate × conversion,” so check your credit eligibility before setting a conversion target.

Federal Decisions Drive Most of the Pain (or Opportunity): Utah’s steady layer can make the federal decision stand out even more. Conversion sizing is usually about managing federal marginal rates and thresholds first, then layering the Utah effect on top to confirm the all-in cost still makes sense.

The “Stacking” Effect Still Matters in a Flat-Tax State: A flat state rate doesn’t prevent a conversion from crowding out other planning space in the same year. Large conversions can still stack on top of different income sources and reduce flexibility, even when the state rate itself doesn’t change with brackets.

Please Note: Utah’s flat income tax rate is presently 4.5%.¹ The federal marginal tax rates range between 10% and 37%.²

Identifying the “Conversion Window” Before RMDs Begin

Many households get a quieter stretch after paychecks stop and before required minimum distributions (RMDs) begin. That window can be a sweet spot for conversions, since your income may be more controllable, and you can choose how much to convert instead of letting later rules choose for you.

This tends to show up most clearly in early retirement, when wages are gone, but other cash sources haven’t fully ramped up. Converting to lighter income years can let you fill up a bracket intentionally, then stop, rather than crossing into a higher bracket by accident.

Delaying action can reduce your flexibility. The IRS generally mandates your first Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) in the year you turn 73. While you have the option to postpone this initial RMD until April 1st of the subsequent year, be aware that this choice results in two RMDs falling within the same tax year.

How Roth Conversions Can Reduce Future Required Minimum Distributions

RMDs aren’t just a rule you comply with; they become a distribution pattern that can shape your taxable profile for the rest of retirement. Conversions can reduce future RMD pressure by changing the amount of money remaining in the pre-tax bucket used to calculate RMDs.

RMDs Are Balance-Driven: RMD amounts are primarily a function of how big your pre-tax accounts are as you enter your 70s and beyond. They are calculated using your prior December 31st account balance and an IRS life-expectancy distribution period from the tables in Publication 590-B.³ A larger starting balance generally leads to larger required distributions over time, which can reduce your control over the timing of taxable income later.

Pre-RMD Conversions Shrink the “Forced Distribution Engine”: Converting earlier can reduce the amount left in the accounts that generate RMDs. The value here isn’t a single-year tax result; it’s reducing the size of the system that will require distributions every year going forward.

RMD-Year Sequencing Limits What You Can Convert: Once RMDs begin, the required portion must be withdrawn first and cannot be converted. That sequencing rule means waiting too long can limit how cleanly you can execute conversions and how much room you have to shape the year’s taxable picture.

Avoiding a Future “Compression” Problem: Bigger RMDs can force more taxable dollars into years where you already have other income sources running. Reducing future RMD size can help you keep later years more manageable, since fewer dollars are forced out on the IRS schedule and more of your distribution choices remain discretionary.

The Medicare and IRMAA Impact Most Retirees Miss

A Roth conversion can look smart on paper and still get expensive if it lands in the wrong year. Medicare prices parts of your coverage using what your tax return reported from two years prior, so a conversion can echo forward into your premiums even after the calendar flips.

IRMAA stands for Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount (IRMAA). It’s an extra charge added to Medicare Part B and Part D when your income pushes you into higher tiers, meaning one big conversion can increase both your tax bill and your healthcare costs at the same time.

That’s why conversion sizing is a tax decision and a Medicare decision in the same breath. The move raises taxable income in the year you do it, and the ripple effects show up later if you cross Medicare’s tier lines based on that reported number.

Coordinating Roth Conversions With Social Security Claiming

Your Social Security start date changes the “income backdrop” you’re converting into. Claiming earlier can compress your window, while delaying can leave more room for conversions before benefits begin stacking on top of everything else.

At the federal level, up to 85% of your Social Security benefits can be taxable depending on your combined income.⁴

Utah may also tax your Social Security income at its flat tax rate. However, Utah offers a Social Security benefits credit that may reduce (and, in some cases, offset) the Utah tax on your benefits, depending on your situation and income level.⁵

Planning these two decisions together can make your retirement income feel steadier. Conversions can give you an alternate spending source later, which can reduce the odds you’re forced into taking more taxable dollars in the same years you’re trying to keep Social Security taxation and Medicare costs from creeping upward.

Building a Withdrawal Control System With Taxable, Pre-Tax, and Roth Accounts

A proper approach to retirement planning starts with the simple aim of creating income that can last, adjust, and stay functional when markets and life get noisy. The right system supports consistent cash flow without putting your plan in a corner when something unexpected hits.

That system works best when you treat your money as three different buckets that each play a role: taxable money for flexibility, traditional retirement accounts for structured distributions, and Roth accounts for optionality. The same spending need can be funded in different ways depending on what else is happening on your return that year.

From there, your withdrawals become an annual decision. What do you need, what else is showing up as income, and which retirement account gives you the cleanest outcome right now? Over time, this creates real tax diversification and a practical way to keep any one set of rules from controlling every decision you make later.

Please Note: If you want to go deeper on building retirement income you don’t outlive, take a look at our Perennial Income Model™.

Partial vs. Full Roth Conversions: Why “All or Nothing” Rarely Works

Most people don’t actually need a dramatic, one-time conversion to get the outcome they want. What usually works better is sizing conversions with intent; you control the cost, keep flexibility, and avoid creating new problems (like Medicare premium spikes) while solving an old one. A steady approach also gives you room to adapt when income, deductions, or markets change. Here’s the framework we use when we’re thinking about partial versus full conversions:

Right-Sized Progress Over Big Swings: A partial conversion can let you build meaningful flexibility without turning a single calendar year into the “tax year that did all the work.” You move forward while leaving room for deductions, surprises, and other income sources that may appear without warning.

Maxing Out Tax Brackets on Purpose: The practical aim is often to convert up to the top of a bracket you’re comfortable paying, then stop. That keeps marginal cost more predictable and gives you a repeatable way to decide “how much” without guessing or relying on a gut feeling.

Comparing Today’s Marginal Rate to Tomorrow’s Reality: The number that matters most is usually your marginal rate on the next converted dollar, not your overall effective rate. That marginal lens also helps you weigh the combined bite, federal plus Utah, against what you’re trying to reduce later.

Multi-Year Pacing That You Can Adjust: Spreading conversions across multiple years gives you a dial instead of a switch. You can change the conversion size as your income picture shifts, as deductions come and go, and as you learn what your real spending rhythm looks like after work ends.

Using Lower-Income Years as a Conversion Opportunity: Some years naturally have more room than others, especially in the stretch after paychecks stop and before required distributions or other income streams ramp up. Conversions tend to fit best when you can place income deliberately rather than stacking it on top of an already-full year.

Roth Conversions and Legacy Planning for Heirs

If leaving money behind is part of your story, conversions can shape what your family deals with later—especially when inherited accounts collide with beneficiaries’ own earnings and tax situations. The goal is to leave assets that are easier to use, easier to plan around, and less likely to create avoidable tax pressure at the wrong time.

Heirs and the 10-Year Clock: Many non-spouse beneficiaries are required to empty inherited retirement accounts within a set timeframe (10 years), which can compress taxable distributions into a short window. Roth dollars can reduce the likelihood that your beneficiary will have to stack large taxable distributions on top of their peak earnings years.

Shifting the Tax Burden on Purpose: Pre-tax dollars leave someone a tax bill; either you pay it through conversions during your lifetime, or your beneficiaries pay it later through taxable distributions. A conversion can be a way to decide who pays and when, based on the rates and timing that make the most sense for your family.

A More Flexible Inheritance Asset: Beneficiaries often want choices: take distributions when needed, delay when possible, and avoid creating unnecessary taxable spikes. Roth assets can increase flexibility for how inherited dollars are used, even when distribution rules still apply.

Protecting a Spouse’s Long-Term Options: If your spouse is the primary beneficiary, Roth dollars can help preserve flexibility in the years after the first spouse passes. The survivor often changes filing status and may face higher marginal rates on the same income, so having Roth assets available can support steadier spending decisions without forcing additional taxable distributions at a sensitive time.

Avoidable Roth Conversion Mistakes That Cost Real Money

Conversions often go wrong during execution, not due to bad intent, but because a missed detail changes the tax result or creates a cleanup project later. The most common problems are preventable when you treat the conversion as a process with specific steps, documentation, and payment planning.

Forgetting the Tax-Payment Plan: A conversion increases taxable income in the year it happens, and the IRS still expects the tax to be paid on time. Skipping withholding or estimated payments can lead to an unexpected bill and potential underpayment penalties.

Ignoring the Pro-Rata Rule: Backdoor-style conversions can become partially taxable if you have other pre-tax IRA money across traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRAs. Not accounting for those balances can turn what you expected to be “mostly non-taxable” into a conversion with a larger taxable portion.

Creating Basis and Paperwork Confusion: Nondeductible contributions and backdoor steps rely on accurate basis tracking and clean reporting. If your records don’t match what was contributed, converted, and carried forward, the filing can become error-prone and tough to fix years later.

Running Into Plan Rules and Timing Traps: Mega-backdoor contributions depend on your 401(k) plan’s rules, how contributions are categorized, and when conversions or rollovers can occur. Missing a plan restriction or a timing window can create delays, missed opportunities, or a transaction that doesn’t work as intended.

Converting the Wrong Amount or the Wrong Assets: A conversion should be sized intentionally and executed precisely. Converting too much can lead to bracket creep or Medicare premium issues later, while converting the wrong holdings can cause unwanted portfolio drift and complicate rebalancing.

Roth Conversions for Salt Lake City Retirees FAQs

1. Can Roth conversions increase Medicare premiums?

Yes. Medicare uses a two-year lookback on your tax return when applying IRMAA surcharges, so a conversion can raise the income Medicare uses for that premium calculation.

2. Should Roth conversions stop once RMDs begin?

Not necessarily. RMDs generally can’t be converted, yet conversions beyond the RMD can still be part of a long-term plan if you’re trying to reduce future forced distributions and improve flexibility.

3. Are Roth conversions reversible?

A common misconception is that conversions are reversible; the IRS says conversions made in tax years beginning after December 31st, 2017, can’t be recharacterized back to a traditional IRA.⁶

4. How much should I convert each year?

A common approach is to choose an amount that fits within the bracket and Medicare threshold you’re targeting, then revisit annually. The “right” number depends on your other income sources, deductions, and the level of flexibility you want later.

5. Should you pay the conversion tax from the IRA or from cash?

Paying the tax from cash outside the IRA often preserves more dollars inside the Roth for long-term growth, while paying from the IRA reduces the amount that actually reaches the Roth. The better choice depends on liquidity, your timeline, and how you want to protect your spending reserves.

6. What is the pro-rata rule, and when does it apply?

The pro-rata rule is how the IRS determines what portion of an IRA conversion is taxable when you have both pre-tax and after-tax (nondeductible) money across your IRAs. Instead of letting you “pick” only the after-tax dollars to convert, the IRS treats your IRA money as one blended pool for tax purposes.

It applies when you convert money, and you have any pre-tax balance in traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRAs at year-end. In that situation, part of the conversion will typically be taxable, even if you made a nondeductible contribution specifically for a backdoor Roth step.

How We Help Salt Lake City Retirees Use Roth Strategies Intentionally

Roth conversions can be a smart long-term tax move, yet the payoff depends on timing, sizing, and coordination with the rest of your retirement income picture. The goal is to create flexibility that supports your lifestyle while keeping taxes and healthcare-related costs from quietly controlling your choices.

Our team helps Salt Lake City retirees turn the concept into a working roadmap. We evaluate your account mix, income sources, and the years ahead, then build tax-planning strategies that fit your household. The objective is measurable tax savings when it makes sense, plus the practical benefits of having multiple ways to fund spending across changing seasons of life.

Our approach focuses on grounding the work in your financial journey, not a generic checklist, ensuring all decisions align with your unique goals, family, and long-term priorities. To discuss how these strategies might apply to your specific situation, we invite you to schedule a complimentary consultation with our team.

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Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal or investment advice.

Tag: roth conversions

Roth Conversions: Converting too much or too little?